The skin is an organ in its own right.
And not just any organ, but one of the largest in the whole human body: around 2 square metres!
Its average thickness ranges from 0.5 (eyelids) to 5 mm (palms of the hands and soles of the feet).
Beyond the numbers, the skin is the only organ we can touch every day and see change over time.
And it is precisely the changes in the skin, particularly skin ageing, that prompt so many people to take care of it in order to preserve its structure and integrity.
Before diving into the most suitable active ingredients for this purpose, let's take a step back and discover how the skin is structured, how many skin types exist (phototypes), the daily actions that keep the skin young and why the skin ages.
Structure of the skin
The skin is made up of 3 layers:
- Epidermis: the outer part. It is a tough, flexible part, impermeable to water and ions. It is composed of keratin and melanocytes.
- Dermis: the layer beneath, the thickest one. It consists of connective tissue formed in turn of 70% Collagen, Elastin, Glycosaminoglycans (Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin sulphate) and Proteoglycans. The cells found in the dermis are the Fibroblasts, together with Macrophages, Mast cells and Lymphocytes coming from the capillary circulation. The presence of lymphocytes shows that the skin already contains part of the immune and defence system, which is activated in the event of superficial wounds.
- Subcutaneous Layer or Hypodermis: the deepest layer, made up of adipose tissue, collagen, larger blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels. It serves to anchor the skin to the further underlying layers, which are muscular.
How many skin types are there?
- Phototype I: very fair skin, red hair, light eyes, always burns, never tans, very numerous freckles;
- Phototype II: fair skin, blond hair, light eyes, always burns, tans a little, numerous freckles;
- Phototype III: medium skin, dark blond/light brown hair, brown eyes, burns fairly rarely, tans slowly (medium tan), some freckles;
- Phototype IV: olive skin, black/dark brown hair, dark eyes, rarely burns, always tans (dark tan), no freckles;
- Phototype V: dark skin, black hair, dark eyes, hardly ever burns, always tans (very dark tan), no freckles;
- Phototype VI: black skin, black hair, black eyes, never burns, no freckles.
Good daily habits for beautiful skin
- Drink: every day it is important to drink at least 1.5/2 litres of water; avoid alcohol and spirits.
- Eat well: take care of your diet with fresh foods, especially vegetables, legumes, fish, whole grains and fruit; use gentle, non-aggressive cooking methods and avoid excessive seasoning.
- Don't smoke: cigarette smoke (even second-hand) reduces the vascular supply and cellular oxygenation.
- Hydrate your skin: moisturise the skin's surface by choosing cosmetics from natural sources.
- Protect your skin from the sun: it is good practice to protect your skin from the sun with an SPF of 30/50 according to your phototype every day, even when you are in the city, especially during the summer months.
- Use antioxidants: both through your diet and with supplements, to neutralise free radicals and slow down the ageing process.
- Use regenerating actives: through food supplementation, take natural actives that stimulate the vitality of fibroblasts and the production of collagen and elastin, and counteract tissue degradation phenomena.
Why the skin ages
The skin ageing process occurs through two main mechanisms: intrinsic and extrinsic.
- Intrinsic ageing occurs on a genetic basis and is inevitable; it progresses with age and causes atrophy and a reduction in fibroblasts, sebaceous glands and dermal thickness, along with a thinning of the blood vessels.
Collagen fibres are particularly affected by this process, which stems from the accumulation of irreversible functional alterations of the fibroblasts associated with ageing2. The skin starts to age as early as after the age of 213, although the major changes, at least for women, appear after the menopause, with a loss of around 30% of collagen in the first 5 years4.
- Extrinsic ageing mainly results from the damage caused by ultraviolet radiation and by: cigarette smoke, air pollution, frequent contact with chemical/thermal sources, alcohol abuse and an inadequate diet.
How drinkable collagen can counteract ageing
Collagen is an essential molecule for the elasticity of the skin and cartilage. Not all collagen supplements are the same. In LuxGea Pelle we selected the most useful and functional form for the wellbeing and beauty of the skin, just as in the Cartilagea supplement we chose the one best suited to supporting cartilage wellbeing.
Even on its own, a drinkable collagen supplement is useful for preventing and counteracting the signs of time, yet its action is limited compared to a more complete formula, enriched with hyaluronic acid, silicon, vitamin C and minerals.
It is on the basis of all these considerations that LuxGea Pelle was born, the Salugea supplement that contains a wide variety of natural nutrients useful for the complete wellbeing of the skin and for its radiant appearance.
Let's look in detail at what the studies have found.
Scientific studies supporting the selected ingredients
VERISOL®: bioactive collagen peptides
- Proksch E, Segger D, Degwert J, Schunck M, Zague V, Oesser S. Oral supplementation of specific collagen peptides has beneficial effects on human skin physiology: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2014;27(1):47-55. doi: 10.1159/000351376. Epub 2013 Aug 14. PMID: 23949208.
This double-blind study involved 69 women aged between 35 and 55 who took VERISOL® for 4 weeks. At the end, the participants showed significantly more elastic skin compared with the placebo treatment. This effect was even more marked after 8 weeks of supplementation with VERISOL®. A further 4 weeks after the last intake of the product, the VERISOL® group still showed greater skin elasticity than the placebo group (+10% on average), more marked in women over 50 (up to +30%), as well as a skin hydration effect.
- Proksch et al. (2014). Oral Intake of Specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides Reduces Skin Wrinkles and Increases Dermal Matrix Synthesis. Skin Pharmacol Physiol, 27:113-119
A placebo-controlled clinical study involving 114 mature women aged between 45 and 65 who were given VERISOL® orally (2.5 g/day). After 8 weeks, a 20% reduction in the depth of the wrinkles around the eyes was achieved. After 8 weeks it also led to a significantly higher formation of skin procollagen (+65%) and elastin (+18%), elements of the dermal matrix that are fundamental for a smoother, more even skin effect.
- Hexsel et al. (2017). Oral supplementation with specific bioactive collagen peptides improves nail growth and reduces symptoms of brittle nails. J Cosmet Dermatol, (16)1-7.
- Oesser (2020). The oral intake of specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides has a positive effect on hair thickness. Nutrafoods, 1:134-138.
These two innovative studies have brought to light further properties of VERISOL® regarding nails and hair. In particular, the first study showed a decrease in cracked and/or chipped nails, reaching a 42% reduction after 6 months. Nail growth speed increased significantly by 10% after 6 months of supplementation.
The second study focused on hair, and here too it emerged that taking VERISOL® led to a statistically significant increase in hair thickness, while a slight decrease was observed in the placebo group, confirming the benefits of VERISOL® for a better hair structure.
In both studies the participants described themselves as very satisfied and keen to continue the treatment.
VERISOL® is a registered trademark of GELITA AG
Hyaluronic acid
- Longas M.O., Russell C.S., He X.Y. Evidence for structural changes in dermatan sulfate and hyaluronic acid with aging. Carbohydr Res. 1987;159:127–136. doi: 10.1016/S0008-6215(00)90010-7
This study, which we also referred to in the previous text, highlights how, as chronological age advances, a progressive loss of hyaluronic acid occurs in the various layers of the skin.
- Hsu TF, et Al. Oral Hyaluronan Relieves Wrinkles and Improves Dry Skin: A 12-Week Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study. 2021 Jun 28;13(7):2220. doi: 10.3390/nu13072220. PMID: 34203487; PMCID: PMC8308347.
This 12-week clinical study verified that oral intake of hyaluronic acid can improve the skin's level of hydration and reduce the depth of wrinkles. The results were already visible at 8 weeks and were compared with placebo.
- Gao YR, Wang RP, Zhang L, Fan Y, Luan J, Liu Z, Yuan C. Oral administration of hyaluronic acid to improve skin conditions via a randomized double-blind clinical test. Skin Res Technol. 2023 Nov;29(11):e13531. doi: 10.1111/srt.13531. PMID: 38009035; PMCID: PMC10661223.
This clinical study set out to analyse the effects of hyaluronic acid supplementation in a heterogeneous group of people: 129 participants, all female but of different ages and with different skin types.
Oral intake of hyaluronic acid significantly promoted skin hydration after 2-8 weeks in both the younger and the older groups. An improvement in skin tone was observed after 4-8 weeks, while an increase in epidermal thickness was noted after 12 weeks.
- Oe M, Sakai S, Yoshida H, et al. Oral hyaluronan relieves wrinkles: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study over a 12-week period. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:267-273. Published 2017 Jul 18. doi:10.2147/CCID.S141845
In this study, 60 subjects with crow's-feet wrinkles were randomly assigned to the placebo group or to the hyaluronic acid groups with 2 different molecular weights. Treatment lasted 12 weeks.
The results suggest that oral intake of hyaluronic acid, at both sizes, reduces wrinkles and improves the condition of the skin.
- Cyphert, J.M.; Trempus, C.S.; Garantziotis, S. Size Matters: Molecular Weight Specificity of Hyaluronan Effects in Cell Biology. J. Cell Biol. 2015, 2015, 563818.
This review highlights how fragments of hyaluronic acid of different sizes can influence different processes in our body. Indeed, molecular weight is reported to be a key factor as regards the extent of HA absorption, which is dose-dependent and inversely proportional to it
Eggshell membrane
- Jia H, et Al. Eggshell membrane powder ameliorates intestinal inflammation by facilitating the restitution of epithelial injury and alleviating microbial dysbiosis. Sci Rep. 2017 Mar 8;7:43993. doi: 10.1038/srep43993. PMID: 28272447; PMCID: PMC5341015.
Eggshell membrane is an extremely innovative ingredient which, as well as being rich in building blocks of the epidermis, also exerts an indirect action on the gut microbiota. In vitro tests on human cells and in vivo models have shown that this nutrient brought an increase in the biodiversity of the microbiota, particularly in favour of symbiotic (beneficial) bacterial strains, a reduction in the strains that predispose to inflammation, an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and support for the maintenance of the intestinal barrier.
- Kalman DS, Hewlings S. The effect of oral hydrolyzed eggshell membrane on the appearance of hair, skin, and nails in healthy middle-aged adults: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020 Jun;19(6):1463-1472. doi: 10.1111/jocd.13275. Epub 2020 Jan 6. PMID: 31904175; PMCID: PMC7418556.
This clinical study assessed the impact of Eggshell Membrane supplementation compared with placebo on hair appearance in healthy middle-aged adults. The study involved 88 subjects of both sexes (35-65 years), randomly and equally divided into a test group and a placebo group for 12 weeks. Outcome tests included TrichoScan HD (hair).
Supplementation was associated with a significant improvement in hair thickness and density at 4, 8 and 12 weeks (+75% compared with placebo).
Hydrolysed bovine collagen
- Choi FD, Sung CT, Juhasz ML, Mesinkovsk NA. Oral Collagen Supplementation: A Systematic Review of Dermatological Applications. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(1):9-16.
This review evaluated several clinical studies conducted with daily collagen doses of between 2.5 g and 10 g. It emerged that oral collagen supplementation produces positive effects on wound healing and skin ageing.
- de Miranda RB, Weimer P, Rossi RC. Effects of hydrolyzed collagen supplementation on skin aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Dec;60(12):1449-1461. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15518. Epub 2021 Mar 20. PMID: 33742704.
This review gathered 19 placebo-controlled clinical studies evaluating oral supplementation with hydrolysed collagen. The sample included 1,125 participants aged between 20 and 70 (95% women). Based on the results, oral intake of hydrolysed collagen for 90 days was effective in reducing skin ageing, as it reduces wrinkles and improves skin elasticity and hydration.
VITAMIN C: Rosehip
- Duarte TL, Cooke MS, Jones GD. Gene expression profiling reveals new protective roles for vitamin C in human skin cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Jan 1;46(1):78-87. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.028. Epub 2008 Oct 9. PMID: 18973801
In this in vitro work on human skin cells (fibroblasts), the effects of exposing these cells to vitamin C were studied.
Based on the results obtained, the researchers conclude that vitamin C may protect the skin not only by acting as a cofactor in collagen synthesis, but also by directly promoting the proliferation of fibroblasts (the skin's main cells).
- Pasonen-Seppänen S, Suhonen TM, Kirjavainen M, Suihko E, Urtti A, Miettinen M, Hyttinen M, Tammi M, Tammi R. Vitamin C enhances differentiation of a continuous keratinocyte cell line (REK) into epidermis with normal stratum corneum ultrastructure and functional permeability barrier. Histochem Cell Biol. 2001 Oct;116(4):287-97. doi: 10.1007/s004180100312. PMID: 11702187.
In this work on rat epidermal cells, the researchers found that administering Vit. C induces improvements in the epithelial structure, in turn correlated with better epidermal barrier function.
In particular, an increase in the synthesis of Filaggrin was detected, a protein that is essential for regulating the skin's balance and maintaining its barrier action. This evidence suggests that vitamin C also influences keratinocyte differentiation in ways that are complementary to the synthesis and organisation of the barrier lipids.
Silicon: Bamboo
- Barel A, Calomme M, Timchenko A, De Paepe K, Demeester N, Rogiers V, Clarys P, Vanden Berghe D. Effect of oral intake of choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid on skin, nails and hair in women with photodamaged skin. Arch Dermatol Res. 2005 Oct;297(4):147-53. doi: 10.1007/s00403-005-0584-6. Epub 2005 Oct 26.
In this placebo-controlled clinical study conducted on 50 women aged between 40 and 65 with clear clinical signs of facial photo-ageing, 10 mg of Silicon was administered orally over 20 weeks.
At the end of the period of use of the silicon-containing supplement, a significant improvement was recorded in the surface characteristics of the skin and in its mechanical properties, as well as in hair and nail fragility.
Zinc
- Ogawa Y, Kinoshita M, Shimada S, Kawamura T. Zinc and Skin Disorders. 2018 Feb 11;10(2):199. doi: 10.3390/nu10020199. PMID: 29439479; PMCID: PMC5852775.
The skin is the third most zinc-rich human tissue. It has been shown that numerous human disorders accompanied by skin manifestations are caused by mutations or dysregulations in zinc transporters. Furthermore, zinc deficiency has been found to be deeply involved in the development of alopecia and in delayed wound healing.
- Gray NA, Dhana A, Stein DJ, Khumalo NP. Zinc and atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33(6):1042-1050. doi:10.1111/jdv.15524
Another systematic review of 16 observational works and clinical studies analysed the possible correlation between reduced Zinc levels and the incidence of Dermatitis.
After statistical analysis, the study concludes that low levels of Zinc in serum, hair and erythrocytes are associated with states of Dermatitis.
Further, more comprehensive studies are needed to confirm these results.
- Schwartz JR, Marsh RG, Draelos ZD. Zinc and skin health: overview of physiology and pharmacology. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(7 Pt 2):837-847. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2005.31729
Another review paper investigated the specific roles that Zinc plays in the health and functioning of the skin, underlining precisely the physiological importance of this element in wound healing and in reducing inflammation, which are fundamental phenomena in the case of skin ageing. During these processes, the body's zinc requirement can be supplemented, thereby increasing the speed of the skin's natural regeneration processes.
Selenium
- Kumar V, Tanwar N, Goel M, et al. Antioxidants for Skin Health. Recent Adv Food Nutr Agric. Published online August 6, 2024. doi:10.2174/012772574X311177240710100118
The protective role that Selenium plays in the condition and functioning of the skin is confirmed by its antioxidant activities, which allow the maintenance and restoration of skin physiology, protecting it from ageing phenomena.
This review concludes that the use of Selenium is advisable for all skin-care actions that can be carried out with remedies acting externally or internally.
Scientific Bibliography
1 Thiel RJ. Natural vitamins may be superior to synthetic ones. Med Hypotheses. 2000 Dec;55(6):461-9. doi: 10.1054/mehy.2000.1090. PMID: 11090291.
2 Uitto J. The role of elastin and collagen in cutaneous aging: intrinsic aging versus photoexposure. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008 Feb;7(2 Suppl):s12-6. PMID: 18404866.
3 Shuster S. Osteoporosis, a unitary hypothesis of collagen loss in skin and bone. Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(3):426-32. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.04.027. PMID: 15951132
4 Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Abe M, Endo Y, Ishikawa O, Kurabayashi M. Effects of aging, menopause, and hormone replacement therapy on forearm skin elasticity in women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004 Jun;52(6):945-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52262.x. PMID: 15161459.
1Thiel RJ. Natural vitamins may be superior to synthetic ones. Med Hypotheses. 2000 Dec;55(6):461-9. doi: 10.1054/mehy.2000.1090. PMID: 11090291.
Our texts are for information purposes only; they are not to be understood as an indication for the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions and are in no way intended to replace the advice of a doctor.